Towards a just green transition

The Green Transition is not only a shift from fossil fuels to sustainable energy. It entails political, social, economic, and cultural change. Both climate impacts and climate action can disproportionately affect vulnerable groups, including low-income communities, remote regions, and women, who face structural barriers in accessing green jobs and adaptation measures. Without justice-focused policies, these inequalities risk deepening, eroding public trust, and provoking social backlash.

The EU has been establishing a comprehensive framework that aims to ensure that the Green Transition is socially fair, inclusive, and equitable. The request for the EGE’s advice stems from the need to continuously improve and adapt this framework.

In its Opinion, the EGE highlights the need for policymakers to step up efforts to prevent an unequal distribution of new costs and burdens arising from the transition, while also reducing existing social inequalities. The experts stress that more lasting solutions can be found by tackling the underlying drivers of injustice and enabling inclusive processes that empower all as agents of change.

The EGE recommends that policymakers:

• embed justice by design across the entire Green Transition policy cycle, integrating distributional, procedural, recognitional, corrective, and transitional justice, with clear responsibilities for implementation and enforcement
• move beyond GDP by introducing justice-sensitive indicators to assess well-being, sustainability, equity, and resilience, backed by independent oversight and transparent reporting on policy trade-offs
• make Just Transition targets legally binding at EU level, tailoring them to regional socio-economic realities and ensuring they deliver tangible benefits for local communities
• anchor green collective bargaining as a central part of EU Green Transition governance, strengthening the role of workers and social partners
• institutionalise public participation as a procedurally embedded component of Green Transition governance, ensuring meaningful involvement of vulnerable groups and permanent deliberative structures at Member State level
• embed Just Green Transition principles across EU external action, aligning trade, investment, development, and climate finance with fair labour standards and ethical resource use